Relationship between tibial arch angle and rearfoot arching in humans. Outliers defined as 1.5 times the interquartile range are shown as circles. The median (black bar), interquartile range (box) and overall ranges (whiskers) are illustrated. Humans are quite variable for this measure, and fossil hominins occupy the lower end of the modern human spectrum, though this distribution can be sampled from a modern human population. Instead, it is argued in this study that the tibial arch angle is related to rearfoot arching. These comparative data do not support the hypothesis that this angle is related to arboreality or hindlimb suspensory abilities. Mountain gorillas, lowland gorillas, and chimpanzees have statistically indistinguishable tibial arch angles, and orangutans have the least posteriorly directed angle of the great apes. The tibial arch angle differentiates humans and non-human primates. Variation in tibial arch angle in extant apes and fossil hominins. An arched foot exhibiting an anteriorly directed tibial set. A flat foot exhibiting a posteriorly directed tibial set. The tibial arch angle is formed between this white line and the dotted white line intersecting the anterior rim (negative in chimpanzee positive in humans).ฤก. In this image, the thin white line has been drawn through the inferomost projection of the posterior rim of both tibiae and is perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. In humans (right), the posterior rim is more inferiorly projecting, creating an anteriorly directed set to the ankle. In non-human primates (left, chimpanzee), the anterior rim of the tibia (to the left in the figures) is more inferiorly projecting than the posterior rim, creating a posteriorly directed set to the ankle. Humans and non-human primates have distinct tilts to the distal tibia in the sagittal plane. Tibial arch angle in chimpanzee and human.
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